Somatório e Produtório
Contents
Propriedades de Somatório
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \sum_{n=s}^t C\cdot f(n) = C\cdot \sum_{n=s}^t f(n) } , onde C é uma constante.
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \sum_{n=s}^t f(n) + \sum_{n=s}^{t} g(n) = \sum_{n=s}^t \left[f(n) + g(n)\right] }
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \sum_{n=s}^t f(n) - \sum_{n=s}^{t} g(n) = \sum_{n=s}^t \left[f(n) - g(n)\right] }
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \sum^n_{i = m} f(i) = \sum^{n+p}_{i = m+p} f(i-p) }
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \sum\limits_{n=s}^{t} j = \sum\limits_{n=1}^{t} j - \sum\limits_{n=1}^{s-1} j }
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \sum_{n=s}^j f(n) + \sum_{n=j+1}^t f(n) = \sum_{n=s}^t f(n)} , note que Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle s \leq j \leq t }
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \sum_{i=m}^n i = \frac{n(n+1)}{2} - \frac{m(m-1)}{2} = \frac{(n+1-m)(n+m)}{2},} progressão aritmética.
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \sum_{i=0}^n i = \sum_{i=1}^n i = \frac{n(n+1)}{2} }
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \sum\limits_{k=0}^{n-1}{2^k} = 2^n-1 }
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \sum_{i=s}^m\sum_{j=t}^n {a_i}{c_j} = \sum_{i=s}^m a_i \cdot \sum_{j=t}^n c_j }
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \sum_{i=0}^n i^3 = \left(\sum_{i=0}^n i\right)^2 }
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \sum_{i=m}^{n-1} a^i = \frac{a^m-a^n}{1-a} (m < n) }
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \sum_{i=0}^{n-1} a^i = \frac{1-a^n}{1-a} }
Principais representações
Soma simples
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \sum_{i=1}^{n} x_i = x_1+x_2+...+x_n}
Soma de quadrados
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \sum_{i=1}^{n} x_i^2 = x_1^2+x_2^2+...+x_n^2}
Quadrado da soma
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle (\sum_{i=1}^{n} x_i)^2 = (x_1+x_2+...+x_n)^2}
Soma de produtos
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \sum_{i=1}^{n} x_iy_i = x_1y_1+x_2y_2+...+x_ny_n}
Produtos das somas
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle (\sum_{i=1}^{n} x_i)(\sum_{j=1}^{m} y_j) = (x_1+x_2+...+x_n)(y_1+y_2+...+y_n)}
Aplicação das Propriedades
Alguns exemplos de aplicações das propriedades do somatório:
Exemplo 1
Utilize as propriedades de notação de somatório e, possivelmente, mudança de índice para deduzir que Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \sum_{j=1}^n (a_j - a_{j-1})} é igual a Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle a_n - a_0} , onde Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle (a_i )_{i=0}^{\infty}} é uma sequência de números reais. Este tipo de soma é bastante conhecida em Matemática como soma telescópica.
Resolução
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \sum_{j=1}^n (a_j - a_{j-1}) = (a_n - a_{n-1}) + \sum_{j=1}^{n-1}}
Expandindo Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle n}
vezes:
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \sum_{j=1}^n (a_j - a_{j-1}) = (a_n - a_{n-1}) + (a_{n-1} - a_{n-2}) + ... + (a_2 - a_1) + (a_1 - a_0)}
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \sum_{j=1}^n (a_j - a_{j-1}) = a_n - \cancel{a_{n-1}} + \cancel{a_{n-1}} - \cancel{a_{n-2}} + ... + \cancel{a_2} - \cancel{a_1} + \cancel{a_1} - a_0}
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \sum_{j=1}^n (a_j - a_{j-1}) = a_n - a_0 }
Exemplo 2
O objetivo deste problema é encontrar uma fórmula fechada para
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \sum_{k=1}^n (2 \cdot k - 1 )}
Para tal, note que
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle k^2 - ( k - 1)^2 = 2k - 1}
Logo,
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \sum_{k=1}^n \left ( k^2 - ( k - 1)^2 \right ) = \sum_{k=1}^n ( 2k - 1) }
Então, utilize o resultado do problema conhecido como "soma telescópia" do exemplo 1 para encontrar a fórmula
desejada.
Resolução
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \sum_{k=1}^n 2 \cdot k - 1 = \sum_{k=1}^n k^2 - (k-1)^2}
Pela fórmula da soma telescópica
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \sum_{k=1}^n 2 \cdot k - 1 = n^2 - 0^2 = n^2}
Exemplo 3
Utilize as propriedades de notação de somatório e os seus conhecimentos de soma de termos de uma PA para calcular
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \sum_{k=1}^n (2 \cdot k - 1 )}
de forma distinta daquela usada no problema anterior. Qual das duas soluções lhe parece mais fácil?
Resolução
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \sum_{k=1}^n (2 \cdot k - 1 ) = \sum_{k=1}^n 2 \cdot k - \sum_{k=1}^n 1}
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \sum_{k=1}^n (2 \cdot k - 1 ) = 2 \cdot \sum_{k=1}^n k - n}
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \sum_{k=1}^n (2 \cdot k - 1 ) = 2 \cdot \frac{n \cdot (n+1)}{2} - n}
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \sum_{k=1}^n (2 \cdot k - 1 ) = n^2 + n - n}
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \sum_{k=1}^n (2 \cdot k - 1 ) = n^2}
Exemplo 4
Suprimindo um dos elementos do conjunto {1, 2, . . . , n}, a média aritmética dos elementos
16,1. Determine o valor de n e qual foi o elemento suprimido do conjunto para o cálculo da média.
Resolução
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \sum_{k=1}^{n} k = 1+2+...+n= \frac{n \cdot (n+1)}{2}}
média: Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \frac {\frac{n \cdot (n+1)}{2}}{n} = \frac{n \cdot (n+1)}{2n}}
em processo de alteração...
Provas de algumas propriedades
Multiplicação por constante
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \sum_{n=s}^t C\cdot f(n) = C\cdot \sum_{n=s}^t f(n) } , onde C é uma constante.
Passo base: s = t
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \sum_{n=s}^t C\cdot f(n) = C\cdot f(n) } , pela definição de somatório.
Passo indutivo: s < t
Suponha que para um Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle k \in N, k > s} arbitrário:
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \sum_{n=s}^k C\cdot f(n) = C\cdot \sum_{n=s}^k f(n) } (Hipótese de indução)
Para Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle k+1}
, assumindo o lado esquerdo da equação, temos:
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \sum_{n=s}^{k+1} C\cdot f(n) = C\cdot f(k+1) + \sum_{n=s}^k C\cdot f(n)} , pela definição de somatório.
Aplicando a HI:
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \sum_{n=s}^{k+1} C\cdot f(n) = C\cdot f(k+1) + C\cdot \sum_{n=s}^k f(n)}
Expandindo Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle k-s}
vezes:
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \sum_{n=s}^{k+1} C\cdot f(n) = C\cdot (f(k+1)) + C\cdot (f(k) + f(k-1) + ... + f(s+1) + f(s))}
Colocando Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle C}
em evidência:
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \sum_{n=s}^{k+1} C\cdot f(n) = C\cdot (f(k+1) + f(k) + f(k-1) + ... + f(s+1) + f(s))}
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \sum_{n=s}^{k+1} C\cdot f(n) = C\cdot \sum_{n=s}^{k+1} f(n) }
Portanto:
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \sum_{n=s}^t C\cdot f(n) = C\cdot \sum_{n=s}^t f(n) } , onde C é uma constante, Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \forall s, t \in N} .
Mudança de índices
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \sum_{n=s}^t f(n) = \sum_{n=s+1}^{t+1} f(n-1) }
Passo base: s = t
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \sum_{n=s}^t f(n) = f(n) = \sum_{n=s+1}^{t+1} f(n-1) } , pela definição de somatório.
Passo indutivo: s < t
Suponha que para um Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle k \in N, k > s} arbitrário:
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \sum_{n=s}^k f(n) = \sum_{n=s+1}^{k+1} f(n-1) } (Hipótese de indução)
Para Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle k+1}
, assumindo o lado esquerdo da equação, temos:
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \sum_{n=s}^{k+1} f(n) = f(k+1) + \sum_{n=s}^k f(n)} , pela definição de somatório.
Aplicando a HI:
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \sum_{n=s}^{k+1} f(n) = f(k+1) + \sum_{n=s+1}^{k+1} f(n-1)}
Expandindo Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle k-s}
vezes:
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \sum_{n=s}^{k+1} f(n) = f(k+1) + f(k+1-1) + f(k-1) + ... + f(s-1) + f(s+1-1)}
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \sum_{n=s}^{k+1} f(n) = f(k+1) + f(k) + f(k-1) + ... + f(s-1) + f(s)}
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \sum_{n=s}^{k+1} f(n) = \sum_{n=s+1}^{k+2} f(n-1)} , uma vez que existem Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle k+2} termos.
Portanto:
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \sum_{n=s}^t f(n) = \sum_{n=s+1}^{t+1} f(n-1) \forall s, t \in N} .
Somatório em Linguagem Funcional
Elixir[1]
defmodule FMC do
def somatorio(start \\0, finish, callback)
def somatorio(start, finish, callback) when start == finish do
callback.(start)
end
def somatorio(start, finish, callback) do
_somatorio(Enum.to_list(start..finish), callback)
end
defp _somatorio([], _), do: 0
defp _somatorio([head | tail], callback) do
callback.(head) + _somatorio(tail, callback)
end
end
